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From Protege Wiki

Understanding Inverse Slots

This topic gives an overview of how to analyze a projectand design inverse slots in Protege-Frames.An inverse slot relationship is a reciprocal relationship between two slots.Whenever one slot is filled in at one instance,its inverse slot is automatically filled in at another instance,according to the relationship you specified.

This topic describes the most common relationship -an inverse slot relationship between two instances,including the following steps:identifying an inverse relationship,analyzing the Protege-Frames components of the relationship,implementing the relationship in Protege-Frames.

You create inverse slots using the Inverse Slot widgetin the Slot Editor.For more information on how to use the user interface,see Creating an Inverse Slot Relationship.Note that if you create an inverse slot relationshipafter one or more instances have been created,existing instances will not display the inverse slot information.

Example

For example, suppose you want to keep track at the section levelof which editor(s) edit which section(s).There is already a slot named sections at the class Editor;it takes instances in the class Section as values:

You could create an inverse slot named editor at the class Sectionwhich takes instances in the class Editor as values:

Now, when you edit the instance Mr. Scienceto assign the value Science to the slot sections,the inverse relationship is tracked by Protege-Frames.At the instance Science, Mr. Science automatically appearsas a value for the slot editor.

Identifying the Relationship

First, you must determine if an inverse slotwill appropriately represent the structure of your knowledge base.An inverse slot represents a reciprocal relationship that always occurs.For example, if Mr. Science edits the Science section,the Science section is edited by Mr. Science.Protege-Frames supports several different types of inverse relationships:

1. The relationship must be reciprocal.

2. The relationship can be a one-to-one correspondence, or one or both of the slots can have multiple values. For example, Chief Honcho edits a number of sections.

3. The relationship can be between instances in different classes or instances in the same class. For example, likes and is_liked_by would be a relationship where the slot and its inverse slot are both attached to Person.

4. A slot can be its own inverse. shares_ an_ office_ with would be a candidate for an inverse relationship where the inverse slot was identical with the original slot. This is a stronger tie than simply having instances in the same class.

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Analyzing the Relationship for Protege-Frames

Once you have identified the relationship in your ontology,you need to analyze it in terms of your Protege-Frames project.For an inverse slot relationship between Instance slots,determine the following:

• What Protege-Frames class(es) do you want for the first set of instances? We will call this first list of classes Class_List_A.

  • Make sure to choose a class or classes that are appropriate for the project.

  • It is most important to choose a class list that is not too small; that is, you need to select a list of classes such that every possible instance is in one of those classes.

  • At the same time, for simplicity, you want the class list to be focused on the instances and not be too broad.

  • This list may consist of a single class. For example, in the newspaper project, one of the reporters, Larry Tennis-Nut, is an eager beaver and sometimes edits the Sports section. It would make sense to expand the list of classes to Editor and Reporter. However, no salesmen or columnists are allowed to edit a section. Therefore, while it would be possible to simply use the class Employee, it is cleaner not to.

• If the second set of instances is different from the first, perform the same analysis for the second set of instances. Call this second list of classes Class_List_B.

  • As before. this list may be a single class.

  • This list may be identical to Class_List_A.

Steps Required for Implementing the Relationship

In this example, we will restrict ourselves to instances in the class Section.

The following steps are necessary to create an inverse slot relationshipin a Protege-Frames project:

1. Create a slot of type Instance whose allowed classes are Class_List_A. We'll call this the original_slot.

2. Create another slot of type Instance whose allowed classes are Class_List_B. We'll call this the inverse_slot. If the information is important in your ontology, it is likely that one or both of these slots already exist in the project.

3. Attach your Protege-Frames slots to the appropriate classes.

   • First, add original_slot to every class in Class_List_B. Recall that the target values of original_slot are in Class_List_A. Assigning the slot to Class_List_B is what creates the cross-connection between the classes.

   • Similarly, assign inverse_slot to every class in Class_List_A.

4. Create the inverse relationship between inverse_slot and original_slot. (You can actually do this as soon as both slots are created.)

If you already have a slot original_slot of type Instance in your projectand it already has the desired allowed classes and domain,you can create a new slot specifically as the inverse of original_slot.In this case, the inverse_slot has the following properties;you can edit them after creation if necessary:

• inverse_slot is automatically attached to all classes in the list of allowed classes for original_slot.

• its allowed classes automatically includes the list of all the classes where original_slot is attached.

For information on how to use the Protege-Frames interface to make an inverse slot,see Creating an Inverse Slot Relationship.

From Protege Wiki

The Slot Editor

The Slot Editor can be used to define and edit the attributes,or facets, of a slot.The Slot Editor for the selected slot is displayed at the rightof the Slots tab.The Slot Editor can also be displayed as a free-standing window, as follows:

• When you highlight a slot in the Slots tab and then click the View Slot () button.

• When you create a new slot for a highlighted class by clicking the Create Slot () button in the Template Slots pane of the Classes tab.

• When you highlight a slot in the Template Slots pane and then click the View Top-level Slot () or the View Slot Overrides () button.

In the example below, the slot urgent for the class Articlewas double-clicked in the Template Slots pane.The Slot Editor displays a Boolean Type,with Single Cardinality,and a text documentation pane of the urgent slot.

A slot can be attached to more than one class.Each slot has a top-level (system) description;the system description can be specialized,or overridden, for a specific class.The scope of your edits depends on how you access the Slot Editor:

• Editing a Top-Level Slot: When you access the Slot Editor via the Slots tab or via the View Top-level Slot () button in the Template Slots pane of the Classes tab, you can view and edit the top-level description; these modifications affect the slot for any class where it occurs.

• Overriding Slot Properties at a Class: When you access the Slot Editor via the View Slot Overrides () button in the Template Slots pane of the Classes tab, you can view and edit the slot properties for the currently highlighted class. Class-level modifications, called overrides, only affect the slot at the current class and its subclasses.

The Slot Editor displays the following information for a slot:

1. Note icons, which allow you to add notes.

2. Name of the slot.

3. Value Type of the slot.

4. Cardinality of the slot.

5. (optional) Minimum and Maximum values for the slot (slots of type Integer or Float only).

6. (optional) Any Documentation that has been entered for the slot.

7. (optional) An Inverse Slot for the slot (slots of type Class or Instance).

8. (optional) Any Template Values that have been defined for the slot.

9. (optional) Any Defaults that have been defined for the slot.

10. Domain of the slot.

For certain value types, an additional pane appears below the Value Type pane:

1. For type Class, the Allowed Superclasses pane appears.

2. For type Instance, the Allowed Classes pane appears.

3. For type Symbol, the Allowed Symbols pane appears.

Note Icons

The note icons(,),at the upper right of the Editor,allow you to add and remove yellow sticky notes to your slot.These notes, which are not part of your ontology,are displayed when the slot is selectedat the Slots tab.For information on how to add notes to any frame(class, instance, or slot),see Working with Notes.

Slot Name

You can edit the slot name directly in the Name field.Slot names are case-sensitive.A recommended convention is to make slot names lowercase,separating adjacent words with an underscore (_).

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Value Type Menu

The Value Type menu allows you to select the slot value type,which determines the kind of values that the slot may hold.When you are creating instances for a slot,the slot type also determines how the slot is displayedin the Instance Editor.See the Standard Widgetsfor more information about instances and type.

The following table summarizes the value types.For a full description, click on the type name:

When a value type of Class, Instance, or Symbol is selected,an additional pane appears below the Value Type menu.This pane allows you to select or create the values for the slot.

Cardinality

The Cardinality field allows you to specify the number of valuesallowed or required for the slot.This supplies the following options:

The default configuration allows the slot to have at most one value;that is, it can have one value or no value.You can change the default by entering a positive whole numberin the at least and/or at most options,or by selecting the multiple option:

• required/at least: Sets the minimum number of values for the slot. To use, enter a positive whole number in the at least entry bar:

  • If you enter a value for at least, required is automatically selected.

  • Setting at least equal to one (1) means a value is required for the slot.

  • Setting at least greater than one automatically selects multiple as well.

  • Setting at least equal to 1 andat most equal to 1 specifies that the slot must have exactly one value.

• at most: Sets the maximum number of values for the slot. To use, enter a positive whole number in the at most entry bar:

  • Setting at most equal to one (1) means that the slot can have at most one value; this is called a single slot.

  • Setting at most greater than one automatically selects multiple. The slot can contain multiple values, but there is a limit to the number of values.

• multiple: Allows the slot to have more than one value; multiple values are stored and displayed as a list:

  • As above, to set a minimum number of values, set the at least value.

  • As above, to set a maximum number of values, set the at most value.

  • The lack of an at most value indicates that there is no limit to the number of items the slot may contain.

  • Duplicate values are allowed, although their use is uncommon

Minimum (optional)

This field is applicable only to slotsof type Integeror Float.

Minimum allows you to specify a minimum value for your slot.When present, the Minimum value is displayed in the Other Facets columnof the Template Slots pane.

When an instance is created for a class with this slot,the value of the slot must be greater than or equal to the minimum.For example, a minimum of zero means instances cannot have negative values.

Together, Minimum and Maximum can be used to define an allowable range.

Maximum (optional)

This field is applicable only to slotsof type Integeror Float.

Maximum allows you to specify a maximum value for your slot.When present, the Maximum value is displayed in the Other Facets columnof the Template Slots pane.

When an instance is created for a class with this slot,the value of the slot must be less than or equal to the maximum.Together, Minimum and Maximum can be used to define an allowable range.

Documentation (optional)

The Documentation field allows you to enter a text description of the slot.Filling in this field is optional,but is recommended to make maintaining the knowledge base easier.This documentation is part of your knowledge base.

Inverse Slot (optional)

Only available for slotsof type Classor Instance.

Allows you to create a reciprocal relationship between two slots.If this relationship is set up correctly, assigning a value(i.e., a specific class or instance) to the slot for one instanceautomatically assigns the instance as a value to the appropriate inverse slot.For example, the 'direct superclass/direct subclass' relationshipis actually an inverse slot relationship.See Understanding Inverse Slotsand Creating an Inverse Slot Relationshipfor more information.

If a slot has an inverse slot, the name of the inverse slot is shown after the slot nameat the Slots tab.

Template Values (optional)

Allows you to specify the value(s) for a slot at the class level:

Value Type Menu

The Value Type menu allows you to select the slot value type,which determines the kind of values that the slot may hold.When you are creating instances for a slot,the slot type also determines how the slot is displayedin the Instance Editor.See the Standard Widgetsfor more information about instances and type.

The following table summarizes the value types.For a full description, click on the type name:

When a value type of Class, Instance, or Symbol is selected,an additional pane appears below the Value Type menu.This pane allows you to select or create the values for the slot.

Cardinality

The Cardinality field allows you to specify the number of valuesallowed or required for the slot.This supplies the following options:

The default configuration allows the slot to have at most one value;that is, it can have one value or no value.You can change the default by entering a positive whole numberin the at least and/or at most options,or by selecting the multiple option:

• required/at least: Sets the minimum number of values for the slot. To use, enter a positive whole number in the at least entry bar:

  • If you enter a value for at least, required is automatically selected.

  • Setting at least equal to one (1) means a value is required for the slot.

  • Setting at least greater than one automatically selects multiple as well.

  • Setting at least equal to 1 andat most equal to 1 specifies that the slot must have exactly one value.

• at most: Sets the maximum number of values for the slot. To use, enter a positive whole number in the at most entry bar:

  • Setting at most equal to one (1) means that the slot can have at most one value; this is called a single slot.

  • Setting at most greater than one automatically selects multiple. The slot can contain multiple values, but there is a limit to the number of values.

• multiple: Allows the slot to have more than one value; multiple values are stored and displayed as a list:

  • As above, to set a minimum number of values, set the at least value.

  • As above, to set a maximum number of values, set the at most value.

  • The lack of an at most value indicates that there is no limit to the number of items the slot may contain.

  • Duplicate values are allowed, although their use is uncommon

Minimum (optional)

This field is applicable only to slotsof type Integeror Float.

Minimum allows you to specify a minimum value for your slot.When present, the Minimum value is displayed in the Other Facets columnof the Template Slots pane.

When an instance is created for a class with this slot,the value of the slot must be greater than or equal to the minimum.For example, a minimum of zero means instances cannot have negative values.

Together, Minimum and Maximum can be used to define an allowable range.

Maximum (optional)

This field is applicable only to slotsof type Integeror Float.

Maximum allows you to specify a maximum value for your slot.When present, the Maximum value is displayed in the Other Facets columnof the Template Slots pane.

When an instance is created for a class with this slot,the value of the slot must be less than or equal to the maximum.Together, Minimum and Maximum can be used to define an allowable range.

Documentation (optional)

The Documentation field allows you to enter a text description of the slot.Filling in this field is optional,but is recommended to make maintaining the knowledge base easier.This documentation is part of your knowledge base.

Inverse Slot (optional)

Only available for slotsof type Classor Instance.

Allows you to create a reciprocal relationship between two slots.If this relationship is set up correctly, assigning a value(i.e., a specific class or instance) to the slot for one instanceautomatically assigns the instance as a value to the appropriate inverse slot.For example, the 'direct superclass/direct subclass' relationshipis actually an inverse slot relationship.See Understanding Inverse Slotsand Creating an Inverse Slot Relationshipfor more information.

If a slot has an inverse slot, the name of the inverse slot is shown after the slot nameat the Slots tab.

Template Values (optional)

Allows you to specify the value(s) for a slot at the class level:

• The template value is a required, uneditable value that is filled in for all classes and instances that use or inherit the slot.

• The template value can not be changed or overridden at the instance level.

• The number of Template Values should not exceed the at most value for the Cardinality of the slot.

For a value that can be overridden, use Defaults instead.

When present, any Template Values are displayed in the Other Facets columnof the Template Slots panein the Classes tab.

Defaults (optional)

Allows you to specify default value(s) for a slot:

• When an instance is created for a class that has this slot, the default is automatically entered as the value of the slot.

• The default value can be changed or overwritten.

• The number of defaults should not exceed the at most value for the Cardinality of the slot.

When present, any Defaults are displayed in the Other Facets columnof the Template Slots panein the Classes tab.

Domain

The set of classes where the slot is attached is called the domain of the slot.For example, the slot urgent is attached to a single class, Content,while the slot name is attached to a number of classes:

See Adding a Slot to a Classfor more information about editing the domain of a slot.

Viewing Several Slots

To view the information for several slots at once,select the slots at the Slots taband click the View()slot buttonto open the Slot Editor for each slot.To highlight multiple slots, hold down the Ctrl (Cmd) key while clicking each slot.To highlight a range of slots, click the first slot,then hold down the Shift key and click the last slot in the range.

You can also view multiple slots using the View Top-level Slot()or View Slot Overrides()template slots buttonsin the Template Slots pane.

Opening a new Slot Editor does not close the previous Editor.This allows you to compare the attributes for two or more slots.Edits can be made directly in any open Editor.

If you have multiple forms open, you can manage them as follows:

• Cascade multiple forms by clicking the Cascade () button below the main menu bar, or by selecting Cascade Windows from the Windows menu.

• Close all open forms by clicking the CloseAllWindows () button below the main menu bar, or by selecting Close All Windows from the Windows menu.